GOLDEN POINTS 3

AUTOANTIBODIES

a. Nuclear
• diffuse (homogenous) → DNA (many diseases), histones (drug-induced SLE)
• rim (peripheral) → double-stranded DNA (SLE)
• speckled (non-DNA extractable nuclear proteins) → Smith (SLE), SS-A and SS-B (Sjögren syndrome), Scl-70 (progressive systemic sclerosis)
• nucleolar (RNA) → many (eg, progressive systemic sclerosis)
• centromere → CREST syndrome

b. Cytoplasmic
• mitochondria → primary biliary cirrhosis

c. Cells
• smooth muscle → lupoid hepatitis (autoimmune chronic active hepatitis)
• neutrophils → Wegener granulomatosis and microscopic polyarteritis
• parietal cell and intrinsic factor → pernicious anemia
• microvasculature of muscle → dermatomyositis

d. Proteins
• immunoglobulin → rheumatoid arthritis
• thyroglobulin → Hashimoto thyroiditis
• GM-CSF → pulmonary alveolar proteinosis (PAP)

e. Structural Antigens
• lung and glomerular basement membranes → Goodpasture disease
• intercellular space of epidermis → pemphigus vulgaris
• epidermal basement membrane → bullous pemphigoid

f. Receptors
• acetylcholine receptor → myasthenia gravis
• thyroid hormone receptor → Graves disease
• insulin receptor → diabetes mellitus

STAINS PART 5

Alizarin red Stain
For Calcium

Von Kossa (Calcium Stain):
Calcium in mass deposits---Black
Nuclei---Red
Cytoplasm---Light Pink

Oil Red O (Lipid Stain):
Fat Cells---Red
Nuclei---Blue

FAMILIAL HYPERLIPIDEMIA NOTES UPDATE

FAMILIAL HYPERLIPIDEMIA

a. Type I Hyperlipoproteinemia
• familial hyperchylomicronemia
• mutation in lipoprotein lipase gene
• increased serum chylomicrons

b. Type II Hyperlipoproteinemia
• familial hypercholesterolemia
• mutation involving LDL receptor
• increased serum LDL
• increased serum cholesterol

c. Type III Hyperlipidemia
• floating or broad beta disease
• mutation in apolipoprotein E
• increased chylomicron remnants and IDL
• increased serum triglycerides and cholesterol

d. Type IV Hyperlipidemia
• familial hypertriglyceridemia
• unknown mutation
• increased serum VLDL
• increased serum triglycerides and cholesterol

e. Type V Hyperlipidemia
• mutation in apolipoprotein CII
• increased serum chylomicrons and VLDL
• increased serum triglycerides and cholesterol

STAINS PART 4

GIEMSA STAIN
Erythrocytes stain pink
 Platelets show a light pale pink
 Lymphocyte cytoplasm stains sky blue
 Monocyte cytoplasm stains pale blue
Leukocyte nuclear chromatin stains magenta

TOLUIDINE BLUE:
Mastocytes - purple
Cartilage - purple
Mucins - purple/red
Nuclei - blue

NEW METHYLENE BLUE
It is a supravital stain
For staining immature red blood cells

IMAGE SOURCE : GOOGLE

MOST COMMONS PART 1

1. Most common aortic branch involved in Takayasu arteritis : Left subclavian

2. Most common cause of respiratory distress in newborn : Transient tachypnea of the newborn

3. Most common location to see Asbestosis sequale : Posterior lower lobes.

4. Most common karyotype / chromosomal abnormality in USA : Down’s syndrome

5. Most common osseous lymphoma, primary and secondary : Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma

6. Most common primary malignant orbital tumor in childhood : Rhabdomyosarcoma

7. Most common type of fluid collection in scrotum : Hydrocele

8. Most common type of liposarcoma to affect children : Myxoid liposarcoma

9. Most common abdominal emergency of early childhood : Intussusception.

10. Most common acetabular fracture : Posterior acetabulum.

11. Most common affected bowel segment in TB : Ileocecal area.

12. Most common affected joint in gout : First MTP.

13. Most common AIDS-related neoplasm : Kaposi Sarcoma

14. Most common allergic aspergillosis syndrome : Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis.

15. Most common anatomic variant of pancreas : Pancreas divisum

16. Most common anomalous course of RCA : Interarterial

17. Most common appearance of Legionella at the peak of the disease : Bilateral airspace consolidation.

18. Most common assoc. with Fracture of great toe distal phalanx with physeal involvement :Osteomyelitis.

19. Most common associated anomaly with coarctation : Bicuspid valve.

20. Most common association of PAPVR : Sinus venosus type ASD.

21. Most common association with small left colon syndrome : Maternal DM

22. Most common bacterial cause of mesenteric adenitis : Yersinia enterocolitica

23.Most common type of intrapulmonary involvement of Hodgkins disease : Bronchovascular form.

24. Most common type of liver abscess : Pyogenic Liver Abscess

25. Most common type of lymphoma involving the head and neck region: Diffuse large B cell Lymphoma

STAINS PART 3

Calcofluor-white stain
used for cell walls of fungi, algae, and plants

Mucicarmine (Mucin Stain):
Mucin---Pink/Red
Tissue Components---Yellow

Grimelius stain
Argyrophil material---black
Background---yellow

image source : google

STAINS PART 2

Zeihl neelson stain
Acid-resistant bacteria: Red
Used for mycobacteria, Nocardia and parasites etc

Periodic Acid Schiff (PAS) Stain
PAS Positive Material---Magenta
Nuclei---Blue

Feulgen stain
Used to demonstrate DNA
DNA is stained magenta with Schiff’s reagent

image source : google