GOLDEN POINTS 3

AUTOANTIBODIES

a. Nuclear
• diffuse (homogenous) → DNA (many diseases), histones (drug-induced SLE)
• rim (peripheral) → double-stranded DNA (SLE)
• speckled (non-DNA extractable nuclear proteins) → Smith (SLE), SS-A and SS-B (Sjögren syndrome), Scl-70 (progressive systemic sclerosis)
• nucleolar (RNA) → many (eg, progressive systemic sclerosis)
• centromere → CREST syndrome

b. Cytoplasmic
• mitochondria → primary biliary cirrhosis

c. Cells
• smooth muscle → lupoid hepatitis (autoimmune chronic active hepatitis)
• neutrophils → Wegener granulomatosis and microscopic polyarteritis
• parietal cell and intrinsic factor → pernicious anemia
• microvasculature of muscle → dermatomyositis

d. Proteins
• immunoglobulin → rheumatoid arthritis
• thyroglobulin → Hashimoto thyroiditis
• GM-CSF → pulmonary alveolar proteinosis (PAP)

e. Structural Antigens
• lung and glomerular basement membranes → Goodpasture disease
• intercellular space of epidermis → pemphigus vulgaris
• epidermal basement membrane → bullous pemphigoid

f. Receptors
• acetylcholine receptor → myasthenia gravis
• thyroid hormone receptor → Graves disease
• insulin receptor → diabetes mellitus

STAINS PART 5

Alizarin red Stain
For Calcium

Von Kossa (Calcium Stain):
Calcium in mass deposits---Black
Nuclei---Red
Cytoplasm---Light Pink

Oil Red O (Lipid Stain):
Fat Cells---Red
Nuclei---Blue

FAMILIAL HYPERLIPIDEMIA NOTES UPDATE

FAMILIAL HYPERLIPIDEMIA

a. Type I Hyperlipoproteinemia
• familial hyperchylomicronemia
• mutation in lipoprotein lipase gene
• increased serum chylomicrons

b. Type II Hyperlipoproteinemia
• familial hypercholesterolemia
• mutation involving LDL receptor
• increased serum LDL
• increased serum cholesterol

c. Type III Hyperlipidemia
• floating or broad beta disease
• mutation in apolipoprotein E
• increased chylomicron remnants and IDL
• increased serum triglycerides and cholesterol

d. Type IV Hyperlipidemia
• familial hypertriglyceridemia
• unknown mutation
• increased serum VLDL
• increased serum triglycerides and cholesterol

e. Type V Hyperlipidemia
• mutation in apolipoprotein CII
• increased serum chylomicrons and VLDL
• increased serum triglycerides and cholesterol

STAINS PART 4

GIEMSA STAIN
Erythrocytes stain pink
 Platelets show a light pale pink
 Lymphocyte cytoplasm stains sky blue
 Monocyte cytoplasm stains pale blue
Leukocyte nuclear chromatin stains magenta

TOLUIDINE BLUE:
Mastocytes - purple
Cartilage - purple
Mucins - purple/red
Nuclei - blue

NEW METHYLENE BLUE
It is a supravital stain
For staining immature red blood cells

IMAGE SOURCE : GOOGLE

MOST COMMONS PART 1

1. Most common aortic branch involved in Takayasu arteritis : Left subclavian

2. Most common cause of respiratory distress in newborn : Transient tachypnea of the newborn

3. Most common location to see Asbestosis sequale : Posterior lower lobes.

4. Most common karyotype / chromosomal abnormality in USA : Down’s syndrome

5. Most common osseous lymphoma, primary and secondary : Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma

6. Most common primary malignant orbital tumor in childhood : Rhabdomyosarcoma

7. Most common type of fluid collection in scrotum : Hydrocele

8. Most common type of liposarcoma to affect children : Myxoid liposarcoma

9. Most common abdominal emergency of early childhood : Intussusception.

10. Most common acetabular fracture : Posterior acetabulum.

11. Most common affected bowel segment in TB : Ileocecal area.

12. Most common affected joint in gout : First MTP.

13. Most common AIDS-related neoplasm : Kaposi Sarcoma

14. Most common allergic aspergillosis syndrome : Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis.

15. Most common anatomic variant of pancreas : Pancreas divisum

16. Most common anomalous course of RCA : Interarterial

17. Most common appearance of Legionella at the peak of the disease : Bilateral airspace consolidation.

18. Most common assoc. with Fracture of great toe distal phalanx with physeal involvement :Osteomyelitis.

19. Most common associated anomaly with coarctation : Bicuspid valve.

20. Most common association of PAPVR : Sinus venosus type ASD.

21. Most common association with small left colon syndrome : Maternal DM

22. Most common bacterial cause of mesenteric adenitis : Yersinia enterocolitica

23.Most common type of intrapulmonary involvement of Hodgkins disease : Bronchovascular form.

24. Most common type of liver abscess : Pyogenic Liver Abscess

25. Most common type of lymphoma involving the head and neck region: Diffuse large B cell Lymphoma

STAINS PART 3

Calcofluor-white stain
used for cell walls of fungi, algae, and plants

Mucicarmine (Mucin Stain):
Mucin---Pink/Red
Tissue Components---Yellow

Grimelius stain
Argyrophil material---black
Background---yellow

image source : google

STAINS PART 2

Zeihl neelson stain
Acid-resistant bacteria: Red
Used for mycobacteria, Nocardia and parasites etc

Periodic Acid Schiff (PAS) Stain
PAS Positive Material---Magenta
Nuclei---Blue

Feulgen stain
Used to demonstrate DNA
DNA is stained magenta with Schiff’s reagent

image source : google

STAINS PART 1

Hematoxylin & Eosin (H & E)
Nucleus stain blue
other tissue stain red

Masson’s Trichrome stain:
Mainly for Collagen – stain blue

Gomori’s Trichrome stain
It colors collagen green unlike blue in Masson’s Trichrome

image source : google

GOLDEN POINTS 2

1. Verocay bodies - Schwanoma 

2. Schiller Duval Bodies - Yolk Sac Tumor 

3. Russell And Dutcher Bodies - Lymphoplasmacytic Lymphoma 

4. Loose Bodies - Osteoarthritis 

5. Call Exner Bodies - Granulosa Cell Tumor

6. Psammoma Bodies - Meningioma  Ovarian cystadenoma, Papillary Carcinoma 

7. Councilman Bodies - Hepatitis 

8. Zebra Bodies - Neimann Picks 

9. Ld Bodies -  Substantia Nigra 

10. Downey Type lI - EBV

11. Cowdry (intracellular) - HSV, Measles

12. Owls(lntranuclear & Cytoplasmic - Cmv 

13. Mallory Bodies - Alcoholic Hepatitis 

14. Dohle Bodies - Leukocytosis 

15. Onion Skin Appearance - Hyperplastic Arteritis , Ewing Sarcoma 

16. Hunter Bodies - Hashimoto Thyroiditis

17. Hobnail Liver - Alcoholic Cirhosis 

18. Beaded Appearance - Primary Sclerocholangitis 

19. Ashcoff Bodies - RHD

20. Chocolate Cyst - Endometriosis 

21. Swiss Chees Appearance - Medullary Sponge Kidney 

22. Pink Puffers - Emphysema 

23. Blue Bloaters - Chronic Bronchitis 

24.   Hurthei Bodies - Hashimotos

25. Rosenthal Fibers - Pilocytic Astrocytoma 

LYMPHOMA PART 2 (RS CELLS TYPES)

Reed Sternberg cells

RS CELLS DIAGNOSTIC TYPE
TWO NUCLEAR LOBES, LARGE INCLUSION LIKE NUCLEOLI
ABUNDANT CYTOPLASM

RS cells , mononuclear variant

RS cells, lacunar variant

folded or multilobated nucleus lieswithin the open space

RScells , lympho- histiocytic variant

IMSAGE SOURCE: GOOGLE

LYMPHOMA PART 1

HODGKINS LYMPHOMA

Lymphocyte predominant type

Numerous lymphocytes along with popcorn cells

HODGKINS LYMPHOMA

Mixed cellularity type

Binucleate RS cell surrounded by eosinophils, lymphocytes and histiocytes

PC: Robbin's pathology

Important stains introduction

1. Lipid or fat - Sudan black or oil red O

2. Calcium - von kossa or alzarine red s

3. Haemosiderin or iron - Prussian blue or Pearls stain

4. Collagen - Masson trichrome

5. Mucin - mucicarmine, alcian blue

6. Fungi - PAS, silver methanamine

7. Melanin - Masson Fontana

8. Mast cells - Toluidine blue

9. Amyloid - Congo red

10. Basement membrane - PAS

11. Nucleic acid or DNA - feulgen, acridine orange

12. Routine histo pathology - hematoxylin and eosin ( H&E)

13. Routine peripheral smear - geimsa or leishman

14. Lymphoblast - PAS

15. Myeloblasts - myeloperoxidase, non specific esterase, Sudan black B

Golden Points 1

Important Bodies 

l. Councilman Bodies  - Hepatitis, Yellow Fever 

2. Gamma Gandy Bodies - Congestive Splenomegaly 

3. Negri Bodies- Rabies 

4. Lewy Bodies- Parkinson's Disease 

5. Hirano Bodies - Alzheimer's Disease 

6. Fenuginous Bodies - Asbestosis 

7. Asteroid Bodies - Sarcoidosis, Sporotrichosis 

8. Schaumann Bodies - Sarcoidosis 

9. Verrocuy Bodies - Schwannoma 

10. Call Exner Bodies- Granulosa Cell Tumor 

11. Schiller Duval Bodies- Endodemal Sinus Tumor 

l2. Ashcoff Bodies - Rheumatic Fever 

13. Civatte Body-  Lichen Planus 

l4. Creola Bodies -  Bronchial Asthma 

15. Donovan Bodies- Lymphogranuloma Venerum 

16. Henderson Peterson Bodies - Molluscum Contaglosum

17. Michaelis Ganzman Body - Malakoplakia 

l8. Pick Bodies - Pick Disease 

19. Zebra Bodies - Metachromatic Leucodystrophy 

20. Barr body - Inactivated X chromosome

CELLS PART 4

PICK BODIES (BALLOONED NEURONS)

HIRANO BODIES (SENILE PLAQUE)

LEWY BODIES (IN SUBSTANTIA NIGRA COMMONLY )

Image source : Google

CELLS PART 3

ASCHOFF AND ANITSCHKOW BODIES

ROULEAX FORMATION (MM)

N.EUROFIBRILLARY TANGLES (ALZEIHMERS)

Image source : Google

CELLS PART 2

BASOPHILLIC STIPPLING

SICKEL CELL

HELMET CELLS

HEINZ BODIES

HOWELL JOLLEY BODIES

Image source : Google

CELLS PART 1

CABOT RING

ACANTHOCYTES

ELLIPTOCYTES

TEAR DROP CELLS

STOMATOCYTES

Image source : Google